Kingdom of Ife: sculptures from West Africa will tell the story of the legendary city of Ife
(pronounced ee-feh) through some of the most refined and beautiful sculptures ever to
be found in Africa. Ife is today regarded as the spiritual heartland of the Yoruba people
living in Nigeria, the Republic of Benin and their many descendants around the world.
The exhibition will feature nearly 100 superb pieces of Ife sculpture, most of which have
never been seen in the UK before, and have been drawn almost entirely from the
magnificent collections of the National Commission for Museums and Monuments,
Nigeria. The British Museum is planning a series of Africa-related events, activities and displays
to coincide with the 50th anniversary of African Independence celebrations in 2010.
Ife is rightly regarded as the birthplace of some of the highest achievements of African art
and culture, combining technical accomplishment with strong aesthetic appeal. From the
12th to the 15th centuries, Ife flourished as a powerful, cosmopolitan and wealthy city-
state in West Africa, in what is now modern Nigeria. It was an influential centre of trade
connected to extensive local and long-distance trade networks which enabled the region
to prosper. Ife developed a refined and highly naturalistic sculptural tradition in stone,
terracotta, brass and copper-alloy to create a style unlike any in Africa at the time. The
human figures portray a wide cross-section of Ife society and include depictions of youth
and old age, health and disease, suffering and serenity. The almost pure copper mask of
Obalufon II, an early Ooni (king) of Ife is one of the finest images of royal power from Ife.
According to Yoruba myth, Ife was the centre of the creation of the world and all
mankind. Ife was home to many sacred groves located in the city’s forests. Two groves in
particular have revealed numerous sculptures: the Ore Grove with its stone monoliths,
human and animal figures and the Iwinrin Grove which is associated with terracotta
heads and fragments from life-size figures.
Other sites have revealed spectacular pieces with royal associations including the only
known complete king figure and an exquisite terracotta head, possibly portraying a
queen both from Ita Yemoo. A terracotta elephant and a hippopotamus head lavishly
adorned with beaded regalia come from the royal burial site of Lafogido.
The figurative terracotta sculptures, which represent the largest group of works, capture
the diverse nature of Ife society at the time. Several terracotta heads bear facial striations
suggesting cultural markings, some possibly from groups outside Ife. Some heads appear
to depict women wearing regalia or jewellery indicating their high status. Also on display
are almost life-size copper alloy heads which reveal an idealized, naturalistic uniformity
although each head has notable individual characteristics. It is suggested that they were
produced over a relatively short period of time, maybe in a single workshop. These heads
are believed to be associated with the coronation or the accession rituals of new rulers of
Yoruba city-states which owed allegiance to Ife.
Today Ife remains a major spiritual and religious centre for the Yoruba people. Some of
its shrines and groves are still in use and rituals to key gods are performed regularly.
Works of art from Ife have become iconic symbols of regional and national unity, and of
pan-African identity. Since Independence in 1960 enthusiasm for copies or
reproductions of heritage items with nostalgic associations has increased. The ‘Ori
Olokun’ head was chosen as the logo for the All-Africa Games held in Lagos in 1973 and
has been adopted as the logo of numerous commercial, educational and financial
institutions. Such images have become universal symbols of African heritage.
The exhibition has been developed in partnership with the National Commission for
Museums and Monuments, Nigeria; the Fundación Marcelino Botín, Santander and the
Museum for African Art, New York. Guest curator is Enid Schildkrout, Museum of
African Art, New York. Co-curated at the British Museum by Claude Ardouin and Julie
Hudson.
Sponsored by Santander.
Additional support provided by The A.G. Leventis Foundation
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